p547fig15.14 An individual's survival depends upon being able to process ?UN?expected non-occurrences, or disconfirmations, of goals differently from EXPECTED non-occurrences, or disconfirmations.  See the text for details.<BR>||  Unexpected non-occurences of goal: a predictive failure, eg reward that does not occur at the expected time.   Leads to Orienting Reactions: Cognitive- STM reset, attention shift, forgetting;  Emotional- Frustration;  Motor- Exploratory behaviour;.  What about an Expected non-occurrence?  predictive signal, all other events, expected goal.