p493fig13.17 (top row) Overcoming the ostensible contradiction that seems to occur when attempting to simultaneously realize hypotheses (3) and (4).  (bottom row) The problem is overcome by assuming the existence of US-activated drive representation to which CSs can be associated, and that activate nonspecific incentive motivational feedback to sensory representations.<BR>||  Learning nonspecific arousal and CR read-out.  (top) Learning to control nonspecific arousal, Learning to read-out the CR  (bottom) Drive representation, Incentive motivation.