p349fig09.20 Using virtual reality displays (left image), (Fajen, Warren 2003) collected data (right two images) about how observers avoid obstacles (open circular disks) as a function of their distance and angular position as they navigate towards a fixed goal (x).  These data illustrate how goals act as attractors while obstacles act as repellers.<BR>||  Steering from optic flow (Fajen, Warren 2003). goals are attractors, obstacles are repellers. Damped spring model explains human steering data.