p146fig04.25 Networks of simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells can create end cuts as an example of hierarchical resolution of uncertainty.  See the text for details.<BR>|| How are end cuts created? (Grossberg 1984) Two stages of short-range competition. 1st stage: Simple cells -> complex cells -> hypercomplex - endstopped complex. First competitive stage- across position, same orientation; Second competitive stage- same position, across orientation. -> cooperation.